Maximum Likelihood Estimation

numpy.array()

array initialization

array initialization using list

>>> arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> arr
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> print(arr)
[1 2 3 4 5]
>>> print(type(arr))   
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>

Definition

Naive Bayes classifiers are based on naive bayes classifier algorithms. Let’s say we have m input values

1. Assume all these input variables/features are conditionally independent given Y and equally contributed to the outcome.
   In reality it is not quite possible that all features are conditionally independent

1. Simply chose the class label that is the most likely given the data, predict Y using

Bootstrap

What is Bootstrap Sampling?

In statistics, Bootstrap Sampling is a method that involves drawing of sample data repreatedly with replacement from a data source to estimate a population parameter.

• Sampling: with respect to statistics, sampling is the process of selectign a subset of items from a vast collection of items to estimate a certain characteristic of the entire population.

Stack

String and Math Operation

if when looping through string/array, current variable has direct influence to previous variable and both variable could be removed or modified after operation, then considering using stack as data structure.

• 227 Basic Calculator II(Q:A)(stack)

keep in mind data structure: stack::top() -> sign -> tmp -> s[i]

Segment Tree

• 370 Range Addition(Q:A)

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lazy-propagation-in-segment-tree/ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/segment-tree-set-1-sum-of-given-range/ https://cp-algorithms.com/data_structures/segment_tree.html

AVL Tree

Black and Red Tree

Trie Tree

Binary Indexed Trees

Definition

• Instance of a program An instance of a program is a copy of an executable version of the program that has been written to the computer’s memory.

• Process When we run a program, those instructions are copied into memory and space is allocated for variables and other stuff required to manage its execution. This running instance of a program is called a process and it’s processes which we manage.

Top

Compiling Pthreads

• #include <pthread.h>

gcc -o main main.c -lpthread
gcc -o main main.c -pthread

cc -o thread -pthread thread_creation.c

-o outfile